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HomeAuthorsLisa Shultis

Articles by Lisa Shultis

About Lisa Shultis
Director, Division of Respiratory Care Long Island University 1 University Plaza Brooklyn, NY 11201
Respiratory therapist listening to breath sounds
Patient assessment

Eight respiratory patterns every Respiratory Therapy student must know and what they mean

December 2, 2019

Measuring the four vital signs temperature (T), pulse (HR), blood pressure (BP), and breathing (RR) is an essential part of the physical examination and provides information for patient assessment, monitoring, decision-making, and medical recordkeeping. As […]

Respiratory Calculations

Understanding Oxygenation: The Alveolar-arterial Gradient

October 29, 2019

Formula: PAO2 – PaO2 = P(A-a)O2 The Alveolar-arterial gradient (A-a gradient) is a mathematical equation that calculates how difficult it is for oxygen to cross the alveolar-capillary membrane. The equation utilizes two pressures; The partial […]

  • Respiratory therapy student studying with a laptop showing a TMC practice exam, with a notebook, stethoscope, textbooks, and Respiratory Cram branding.
    Best TMC Practice Exam for Respiratory Therapy Students | Respiratory Cram
    May 24, 2026
  • A cinematic, photorealistic image of a respiratory therapist assessing an elderly male patient in the ICU, reviewing his status while monitors and oxygen equipment are visible in the background.
    How the 2027 Respiratory Therapy Exam Tests Clinical Decision-Making Through Scenario-Based MCQs
    November 26, 2025
  • A young Caucasian female respiratory therapist in light scrubs sits beside an anxious male ICU patient, offering reassurance in a modern hospital room with monitors and equipment in the background.
    Cultural and Trauma-Informed Care in the 2027 NBRC® Exam
    November 23, 2025
  • Two female healthcare professionals in blue scrubs review patient information together in a bright, modern ICU, standing beside a ventilated patient with monitors and medical equipment in the background.
    Ethics Takes Center Stage: What RTs Must Know for the 2027 NBRC® Exam
    November 16, 2025
  • wo young female respiratory therapy interns in blue scrubs stand beside a ventilated patient in an ICU, reviewing monitor data and discussing a treatment plan. The lighting is cinematic, with realistic hospital equipment and a calm, focused atmosphere.
    How the 2027 NBRC® Exam Tests Clinical Judgment
    November 15, 2025
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